ASTM E1963-2002 陆上植物毒性试验的标准指南

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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingTerrestrialPlantToxicityTests
【原文标准名称】:陆上植物毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME1963-2002
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.02
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:planttoxicitytests;terrestrialplant;wildlife
【摘要】:Terrestrialphytotoxicitytestsareusefulinassessingtheeffectsofenvironmentalsamplesorspecificchemicalsasapartofanecologicalriskassessment(3-6,12,13).Thoughinferencesregardinghigher-orderecologicaleffects(population,community,orlandscape)maybemadefromtheresults,thesetestsevaluateresponsesofindividualsofoneormoreplantspeciestothetestsubstance.Thisguideisapplicablefor:(a)establishingphytotoxicityoforganicandinorganicsubstances;(b)determiningthephytotoxicityofenvironmentalsamples;(c)determiningthephytotoxicityofsludgesandhazardouswastes,(d)assessingtheimpactofdischargeoftoxicantstoland,and(e)assessingtheeffectivenessofremediationefforts.1.1Thisguidecoverspracticesforconductingplanttoxicitytestsusingterrestrialplantspeciestodetermineeffectsoftestsubstancesonplantgrowthanddevelopment.Specifictestproceduresarepresentedinaccompanyingannexes.1.2Terrestrialplantsarevitalcomponentsofecologicallandscapes.Thepopulationsandcommunitiesofplantsinfluencethedistributionandabundanceofwildlife.Obviously,plantsarethecentralfocusofagriculture,forestry,andrangelands.Toxicitytestsconductedundertheguidelinesandannexespresentedhereincanprovidecriticalinformationregardingtheeffectsofchemicalsontheestablishmentandmaintenanceofterrestrialplantcommunities.1.3Toxicsubstancesthatpreventorreduceseedgerminationcanhaveimmediateandlargeimpactstocrops.Innaturalsystems,manydesiredspeciesmaybesensitive,whileotherspeciesaretolerant.Suchselectivepressurecanresultinchangesinspeciesdiversity,populationdynamics,andcommunitystructurethatmaybeconsideredundesirable.Similarly,toxicsubstancesmayimpairthegrowthanddevelopmentofseedlingsresultingindecreasedplantpopulations,decreasedcompetitiveabilities,reducedreproductivecapacity,andloweredcropyield.Forthepurposesofthisguide,testsubstancesincludepesticides,industrialchemicals,sludges,metalsormetalloids,andhazardouswastesthatcouldbeaddedtosoil.Italsoincludesenvironmentalsamplesthatmayhavehadanyofthesetestsubstancesincorporatedintosoil.1.4Terrestrialplantsrangefromannuals,capableofcompletingalife-cycleinaslittleasafewweeks,tolong-livedperennialsthatgrowandreproduceforseveralhundredsofyears.Procedurestoevaluatechemicaleffectsonplantsrangefromshort-termmeasuresofphysiologicalresponses(forexample,chlorophyllfluorescence)tofieldstudiesoftreesoverseveralyears.Researchanddevelopmentofstandardizedplanttestshaveemphasizedthreecategoriesoftests:(1)short-term,physiologicalendpoints(thatis,biomarkers);(2)short-termtestsconductedduringtheearlystagesofplantgrowthwithseveralendpointsrelatedtosurvival,growth,anddevelopment;and(3)life-cycletoxicityteststhatemphasizereproductivesuccess.1.5Thisguideisarrangedbysectionsasfollows:SectionTitle1Scope2ReferencedDocuments3Terminology4SummaryofPhytotoxicityTests5SignificanceandUse6Apparatus7TestMaterial8Hazards9TestOrganisms10SampleHandlingandStorage11CalibrationandStandardization12TestConditions......
【中国标准分类号】:
【国际标准分类号】:07_100_99
【页数】:21P.;A4
【正文语种】: